近20年身體活動量對女性大學生自尊的負向預測相關研究
1. 引言
過去二十年，關於身體活動量與女性大學生自尊之間關係的研究多聚焦於正向影響，顯示運動參與通常能提升自尊、身體自我價值與心理健康 (Shu et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024; Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Herring et al., 2014; Biddle et al., 2019; Lubans et al., 2016; Biddle & Asare, 2011; Liu et al., 2015; Schmalz et al., 2007)。然而，針對「身體活動量是否會負向預測女性大學生自尊」的實證證據則相對稀少。大多數系統性回顧與橫斷面、縱向研究均發現，身體活動量與自尊呈現顯著正相關，亦即運動量越高，自尊越高，反之則自尊較低 (Shu et al., 2023; Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Herring et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024; Biddle et al., 2019; Lubans et al., 2016; Biddle & Asare, 2011; Liu et al., 2015)。部分研究指出，若女性大學生運動量不足，可能因身體形象不佳、體重增加或社會壓力而導致自尊下降 (Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2024; Zaccagni et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2023)，但這種「負向預測」多為間接推論，缺乏直接證據。整體而言，現有文獻支持「身體活動量低落」與「自尊較低」之間的關聯，但尚無明確證據證明身體活動量會「負向預測」自尊，即運動量高反而導致自尊下降的現象極為罕見。
Figure 1: 共識儀表顯示身體活動量是否會負向預測女性大學生自尊。
2. 方法
本回顧基於Consensus深度搜尋，涵蓋Semantic Scholar、PubMed等多個資料庫，檢索近20年內有關「身體活動量、女性大學生、自尊、負向預測」等主題的文獻。共識搜尋共識別950篇潛在相關論文，經過去重與篩選後，納入最終50篇高相關性文獻進行分析。
| Identification | Screening | Eligibility | Included |
|---|---|---|---|
| 950 | 293 | 194 | 50 |
Figure 2: 文獻篩選流程圖，顯示納入與排除過程。 本次分析共進行了20次主題搜尋，聚焦於身體活動量與女性大學生自尊之負向關聯的實證與理論研究。
3. 結果
3.1 研究屬性與樣本特徵
多數研究為橫斷面調查、干預實驗與系統性回顧，樣本涵蓋中國、歐洲、美國等地女性大學生，年齡多介於18-25歲 (Shu et al., 2023; Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024; Zaccagni et al., 2014; Ye et al., 2025; Mu et al., 2024; Alghamdi et al., 2025)。部分研究亦納入不同BMI、專業背景或心理健康狀態的女性樣本 (Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2024; Zaccagni et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2023)。
3.2 身體活動量與自尊的關聯
大部分研究發現，身體活動量與自尊呈顯著正相關，運動量高者自尊較高，運動量低者自尊較低 (Shu et al., 2023; Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Herring et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024; Biddle et al., 2019; Lubans et al., 2016; Biddle & Asare, 2011; Liu et al., 2015; Schmalz et al., 2007)。系統性回顧與Meta分析顯示，運動干預能顯著提升女性大學生的身體自我價值與自尊 (Shu et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024)。
3.3 身體活動量低落與自尊下降
部分研究指出，女性大學生若運動量不足，易因身體形象不佳、體重增加、社會審美壓力等因素導致自尊下降 (Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2024; Zaccagni et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2023)。但這種關聯多為「低運動量→低自尊」，而非「高運動量→低自尊」的負向預測。
3.4 負向預測證據的稀缺
目前尚無高質量研究證明「身體活動量高」會導致女性大學生自尊下降。少數研究發現，若運動動機過度受外在審美壓力驅動，可能出現自尊受損的情形，但這屬於特殊情境，並非普遍現象 (Zaccagni et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2023)。
Results Timeline
- 2013
- 1 paper: (Joseph et al., 2013)- 2014
- 2 papers: (Herring et al., 2014; Zaccagni et al., 2014)- 2021
- 1 paper: (Wilson et al., 2021)- 2023
- 3 papers: (Shu et al., 2023; Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Han et al., 2023)- 2024
- 5 papers: (Du et al., 2024; Quinzi et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024; Li et al., 2024)- 2025
- 8 papers: (Lin et al., 2025; Lei et al., 2025; Zhang, 2025; Hu et al., 2025; Yuan et al., 2025; Ye et al., 2025; Liu et al., 2025; Zhou et al., 2025)Figure 3: 相關研究發表時間分布。較大標記代表引用次數較多。
Top Contributors
| Type | Name | Papers |
|---|---|---|
| Author | S. Biddle | (Biddle et al., 2019; Lubans et al., 2016; Biddle & Asare, 2011; Biddle, 2016) |
| Author | Bo Li | (Ye et al., 2025; Liu et al., 2025; Li et al., 2024; Mu et al., 2024; Li et al., 2025; Han et al., 2025) |
| Author | Wei-dong Zhu | (Liu et al., 2025; Mu et al., 2024; Li et al., 2025; Han et al., 2025) |
| Journal | BMC Public Health | (Du et al., 2024; Lin et al., 2025; Yuan et al., 2025; Zhang et al., 2024; Liu et al., 2025; Li et al., 2024; Rong et al., 2024; Mu et al., 2024; Li et al., 2025; Tian et al., 2021; Brown et al., 2024; Meng et al., 2025; Alghamdi et al., 2025; Han et al., 2025; Xu & Tang, 2024) |
| Journal | PLOS ONE | (Shu et al., 2023; Lei et al., 2025; Zhang, 2025; Wang et al., 2024; Li et al., 2025) |
| Journal | Journal of physical activity & health | (Yang et al., 2024; Wilson et al., 2021; Murphy et al., 2018; Budzynski-Seymour et al., 2020) |
Figure 4: 最常出現的作者與期刊。
4. 討論
現有文獻一致指出，身體活動量與女性大學生自尊之間主要呈現正向關聯，運動參與有助於提升自尊、身體形象與心理健康 (Shu et al., 2023; Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024; Biddle et al., 2019; Lubans et al., 2016; Biddle & Asare, 2011; Liu et al., 2015; Schmalz et al., 2007)。雖然部分研究發現，運動量不足會導致自尊下降，但這屬於「低運動量→低自尊」的正向預測反向表述，並非「高運動量→低自尊」的負向預測 (Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2024; Zaccagni et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2023)。極少數文獻提及，若運動動機過度受外在審美壓力或社會比較影響，可能出現自尊受損，但這並非主流結論 (Zaccagni et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2023)。整體而言，缺乏直接證據支持「身體活動量會負向預測女性大學生自尊」的假設。
Claims and Evidence Table
| Claim | Evidence Strength | Reasoning | Papers |
|---|---|---|---|
| 身體活動量與女性大學生自尊呈正相關 | Evidence strength: Strong (9/10) | 多數橫斷面、干預與系統性回顧均證實正向關聯 | (Shu et al., 2023; Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024; Biddle et al., 2019; Lubans et al., 2016; Biddle & Asare, 2011; Liu et al., 2015; Schmalz et al., 2007) |
| 身體活動量低落與自尊下降有關 | Evidence strength: Strong (8/10) | 低運動量者常因身體形象不佳、體重增加等導致自尊較低 | (Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2024; Zaccagni et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2023) |
| 身體活動量高會負向預測自尊 | Evidence strength: Weak (2/10) | 幾乎無直接證據，僅極少數特殊情境下可能成立 | (Zaccagni et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2023) |
| 運動動機受外在審美壓力驅動時，可能損害自尊 | Evidence strength: Weak (3/10) | 局部研究指出，過度外在動機可能導致自尊受損 | (Zaccagni et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2023) |
| 運動干預能顯著提升女性大學生自尊 | Evidence strength: Strong (8/10) | 多項RCT與Meta分析證實運動干預有效提升自尊 | (Shu et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024; Liu et al., 2015) |
| 運動量與自尊關聯受BMI、社會支持等調節 | Evidence strength: Moderate (6/10) | 部分研究發現BMI、社會支持等為調節因子 | (Krupa-Kotara et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2024; Zaccagni et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2023; Mu et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2024) |
Figure 5: 本主題主要結論與證據強度。
5. 結論
綜合近20年文獻，身體活動量與女性大學生自尊之間主要呈現正向關聯，運動量高者自尊較高，運動量低者自尊較低。缺乏證據支持「身體活動量會負向預測女性大學生自尊」的假設，僅在極少數特殊情境下可能出現。未來研究可進一步探討運動動機、社會壓力等調節因素對自尊的影響。
5.1 研究缺口
| Topic/Outcome | 橫斷面研究 | 縱向研究 | 干預研究 | 特殊情境（如審美壓力） |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 運動量與自尊正向關聯 | 18 | 6 | 8 | 2 |
| 運動量低落與自尊下降 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| 運動量高負向預測自尊 | GAP | GAP | GAP | 1 |
| 運動動機/審美壓力調節 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Figure 6: 不同主題與研究設計的文獻分布，顯示研究缺口。
5.2 未來研究問題
未來可針對運動動機、社會審美壓力、文化差異等調節因素，進行縱向或干預研究，以釐清特殊情境下身體活動量與自尊的負向關聯。
| 問題 | 為什麼值得研究 |
|---|---|
| 在何種情境下身體活動量可能負向預測女性大學生自尊？ | 釐清特殊情境（如過度外在動機、審美壓力）下，運動是否可能損害自尊，有助於精準設計干預方案。 |
| 運動動機與社會壓力如何調節運動量與自尊的關聯？ | 探討調節因子有助於理解不同個體間的異質性，提升心理健康促進策略的針對性。 |
| 文化背景對運動量與自尊關聯的影響為何？ | 文化差異可能影響運動參與與自尊建構，跨文化比較有助於全球健康促進。 |
Figure 7: 未來可探索的開放性研究問題。
總結來說，現有證據不支持身體活動量會負向預測女性大學生自尊，反而多數研究證實運動參與有助於提升自尊與心理健康。
These search results were found and analyzed using Consensus, an AI-powered search engine for research. Try it at https://consensus.app. © 2026 Consensus NLP, Inc. Personal, non-commercial use only; redistribution requires copyright holders’ consent.
References
Shu, J., Lu, T., Tao, B., Chen, H., Sui, H., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., & Yan, J. (2023). Effects of aerobic exercise on body self-esteem among Chinese college students: A meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291045
Du, Z., Tao, W., Sun, Y., & Feng, Z. (2024). The influence of physical activity on internet addiction among Chinese college students: the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of gender. BMC Public Health, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18474-1
Quinzi, F., Cosco, L., Greco, F., Folino, K., Cerulli, C., Oranges, F., Facchin, A., Tarsitano, M., & Emerenziani, G. (2024). Influence of living settings on physical activity levels and volition in exercise in male and female university students. PLOS ONE, 19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304579
Krupa-Kotara, K., Markowski, J., Gdańska, A., Grajek, M., Działach, E., Szlachta, G., & Rozmiarek, M. (2023). Global Self-Esteem, Body Composition, and Physical Activity in Polish University Students. Nutrients, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183907
Herring, M., O’Connor, P., & Dishman, R. (2014). Self-esteem mediates associations of physical activity with anxiety in college women.. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 46 10, 1990-8. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000323
Lin, Y., He, M., Zhou, W., Zhang, M., Wang, Q., Chen, Y., Wang, L., & Guo, H. (2025). The relationship between physical exercise and psychological capital in college students: the mediating role of perceived social support and self-control. BMC Public Health, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21856-8
Yang, Z., Yang, Z., Ou, W., Zeng, Q., & Huang, J. (2024). Effects of Physical Activity Interventions on Physical Self-Perception in College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. Journal of physical activity & health, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2024-0055
Joseph, R., Royse, K., Benitez, T., & Pekmezi, D. (2013). Physical activity and quality of life among university students: exploring self-efficacy, self-esteem, and affect as potential mediators. Quality of Life Research, 23, 659-667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0492-8
Lei, H., Peng, B., Tang, M., Chen, W., Wang, H., & Yu, T. (2025). A study on the relationship between college students’ physical exercise and feelings of inferiority: The mediating effect of social support. PLOS One, 20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0321685
Zhang, R. (2025). The role of physical acgtivity in life satisfaction and psychological resilience among college students: Mediating effects of self-efficacy and perceived stress. PLOS One, 20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331463
Hu, W., Xie, Y., Peng, C., Wang, B., & Zhuang, B. (2025). Mechanistic insights regarding the influence of physical exercise on psychological resilience via physical self-esteem in Chinese college students. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2025.2500498
Yuan, Y., Tu, Y., Su, Y., Jin, L., Tian, Y., Chang, X., Yang, K., Xu, H., Zheng, J., & Wu, D. (2025). The mediating effect of self-efficacy and physical activity with the moderating effect of social support on the relationship between negative body image and depression among Chinese college students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21350-1
Wilson, O., Holland, K., Elliott, L., Duffey, M., & Bopp, M. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on US College Students’ Physical Activity and Mental Health.. Journal of physical activity & health, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0325
Zhang, Y., Wen, Z., Zhu, Y., & Guan, G. (2024). Effects of physical exercise on body esteem among females: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20861-7
Zaccagni, L., Masotti, S., Donati, R., Mazzoni, G., & Gualdi-Russo, E. (2014). Body image and weight perceptions in relation to actual measurements by means of a new index and level of physical activity in Italian university students. Journal of Translational Medicine, 12, 42 - 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-12-42
Ye, Y., Qin, G., Zhang, X., Han, S., Li, B., Zhou, N., Liu, Q., Li, C., Zhang, Y., & Shao, Q. (2025). The impact of physical exercise on university students’ life satisfaction: The chain mediation effects of general self-efficacy and health literacy. PLOS One, 20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325835
Liu, Q., Zhu, W., Lou, H., Zhang, D., Mu, F., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, W., He, M., Wang, J., Li, C., Li, H., Zhou, N., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Wang, X., Lu, B., Han, S., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, L., Qian, Y., Ding, L., Xu, C., Li, H., Feng, S., Zhou, B., Sun, J., Yang, L., Wei, Y., & Li, B. (2025). The influence of physical activity on emotional management ability in college students: a chain mediating role of psychological resilience and health literacy. BMC Public Health, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24252-4
Han, B., Du, G., Yang, Y., Chen, J., & Sun, G. (2023). Relationships between physical activity, body image, BMI, depression and anxiety in Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14917-9
Zhou, X., Zhang, M., Chen, L., Li, B., & Xu, J. (2025). The effect of peer relationships on college students’ behavioral intentions to be physically active: The chain-mediated role of social support and exercise self-efficacy. PLOS One, 20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320845
Li, B., Jiang, W., Han, S., Ye, Y., Li, Y., Lou, H., & Zhang, J. (2024). Influence of moderate-to-high intensity physical activity on depression levels: a study based on a health survey of Chinese university students. BMC Public Health, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18433-w
Biddle, S., Ciaccioni, S., Thomas, G., & Vergeer, I. (2019). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: An updated review of reviews and an analysis of causality. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.011
Rong, F., Li, X., Jia, L., Liu, J., Li, S., Zhang, Z., Wang, R., Wang, D., & Wan, Y. (2024). Substitutions of physical activity and sedentary behavior with negative emotions and sex difference among college students.. Psychology of sport and exercise, 102605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102605
Mu, F., Liu, J., Lou, H., Zhu, W., Wang, Z., & Li, B. (2024). How breaking a sweat affects mood: The mediating role of self-efficacy between physical exercise and emotion regulation ability. PLOS ONE, 19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303694
Wang, C., Luo, Y., Li, H., & Zhang, G. (2024). The relationship between parental support for exercise and depression: The mediating effects of physical exercise and physical self-esteem. PLOS ONE, 19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304977
Li, Y., Zhu, W., Lou, H., Li, B., Han, S., & Qian, Y. (2025). The influence of physical exercise on emotional management ability in college students: A serial mediation model of exercise adherence and psychological resilience. PLOS One, 20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0334288
Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., & Biddle, S. (2016). Physical Activity for Cognitive and Mental Health in Youth: A Systematic Review of Mechanisms. Pediatrics, 138. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1642
Tian, S., Xu, S., , Z., Liu, Z., & Sun, G. (2021). Mediating Effect Of Psychological Resilience On Physical Activity Level And Negative Emotions In College Students. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000762688.93041.d8
Murphy, M., Carlin, A., Woods, C., Nevill, A., MacDonncha, C., Ferguson, K., & Murphy, N. (2018). Active Students Are Healthier and Happier Than Their Inactive Peers: The Results of a Large Representative Cross-Sectional Study of University Students in Ireland.. Journal of physical activity & health, 15 10, 737-746. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0432
Biddle, S., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45, 886 - 895. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185
Brown, C., Richardson, K., Halil-Pizzirani, B., Atkins, L., Yücel, M., & Segrave, R. (2024). Key influences on university students’ physical activity: a systematic review using the Theoretical Domains Framework and the COM-B model of human behaviour. BMC Public Health, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17621-4
Liu, M., Wu, L., & Ming, Q. (2015). How Does Physical Activity Intervention Improve Self-Esteem and Self-Concept in Children and Adolescents? Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134804
Peng, B., Ng, J., & Ha, A. (2023). Barriers and facilitators to physical activity for young adult women: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-023-01411-7
Meng, S., Qi, K., Shen, P., Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., Onyebuchi, N., Zhan, G., Wei, F., Tong, W., Han, Y., & Ge, X. (2025). The effects of mobile phone addiction on learning engagement of Chinese college students - the mediating role of physical activity and academic self-efficacy. BMC Public Health, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-21250-w
Alghamdi, A., AlOyyna, N., & Alhusaini, A. (2025). Physical activities, sedentary behavior, sleep quality, and quality of life among female medical versus nonmedical college students: A cross-sectional study. Medicine, 104. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000041129
Han, S., Chen, Q., Mu, F., Li, B., Lou, H., Zhao, L., Li, Y., & Yang, C. (2025). Stages of change in leisure-domain physical activity behavior and its influencing factors among Chinese college students. BMC Public Health, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24725-6
Biddle, S. (2016). Physical activity and mental health: evidence is growing. World Psychiatry, 15. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20331
Xu, J., & Tang, L. (2024). The relationship between physical exercise and problematic internet use in college students: the chain-mediated role of self-control and loneliness. BMC Public Health, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19226-x
Budzynski-Seymour, E., Conway, R., Wade, M., Lucas, A., Jones, M., Mann, S., & Steele, J. (2020). Physical Activity, Mental and Personal Well-Being, Social Isolation, and Perceptions of Academic Attainment and Employability in University Students: The Scottish and British Active Students Surveys.. Journal of physical activity & health, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0431
Schmalz, D., Deane, G., Birch, L., & Davison, K. (2007). A longitudinal assessment of the links between physical activity and self-esteem in early adolescent non-Hispanic females.. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 41 6, 559-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.07.001